Understanding how Mpox spreads, its symptoms, and how to prevent it

By Wejuli Junior Mike | Medical Intern, Wakiso

As Ugandans converge at registration centres to acquire national identity cards, queuing, shaking hands, or exchanging conversations, there is often little thought given to the hidden public health risks embedded in such routine interactions.

One such emerging concern is mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, a zoonotic viral disease that has gained global attention in recent years. The 2022 global outbreak highlighted the interconnectedness of our world and how easily viruses can leap from one continent to another.

Mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus, a member of the orthopoxvirus family, which also includes the smallpox virus. Although mpox is considered less severe than smallpox, it can still cause serious complications, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems, pregnant women, and young children.

The virus was first identified in 1958 among research monkeys, which explains its original name. However, it primarily spreads to humans from animals such as rodents and other wildlife.

Transmission of mpox occurs through close contact with an infected person or animal. The virus can enter the body through broken skin, the respiratory system, or mucous membranes such as the eyes, nose, and mouth.

Human-to-human transmission happens in several ways, including direct contact with infectious rashes or body fluids, touching contaminated materials like clothing or bedding, or through respiratory droplets during prolonged close contact in enclosed spaces.

In recent outbreaks, sexual contact, particularly among individuals with multiple partners, has emerged as a notable route of transmission. Animal-to-human transmission may also occur through bites, scratches, or handling of infected wild animals.

Symptoms typically appear within 5 to 21 days following exposure. The illness usually begins with fever, headache, muscle aches, back pain, swollen lymph nodes, chills, and general exhaustion. A few days after the onset of fever, a distinctive rash appears, often beginning on the face before spreading to the rest of the body, including the palms and soles.

The rash progresses through several phases, from flat lesions (macules) to raised bumps (papules), fluid-filled blisters (vesicles), pus-filled sores (pustules), and finally scabs that fall off. The illness generally lasts two to four weeks.

Preventing mpox involves both public health measures and individual responsibility.

1. It is crucial to avoid close contact with anyone exhibiting rashes or symptoms suggestive of the disease.
2. Practicing good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing with soap or use of alcohol-based sanitizers, is essential.
3. People should avoid sharing bedding, towels, or clothing with suspected or confirmed patients.
4. Caregivers must wear personal protective equipment when handling cases, especially in medical settings.
5. It is also advisable to avoid handling or consuming wild animals, particularly rodents and primates.
6. During outbreaks, communities should follow guidelines issued by public health authorities.
7. Vaccination, where available, remains a vital preventive measure, especially for high-risk groups like health workers and individuals with multiple sexual partners.

At the community level, both urban and rural populations have critical roles to play. In urban areas where high population density and constant movement create an ideal environment for disease spread, there is a need for intensified health education through media, local leaders, and social platforms.

Establishing effective referral and reporting systems can ensure that suspected cases receive timely medical attention. Public hygiene should be promoted, especially in markets, schools, and public transport.

Youth groups and community health volunteers can support awareness campaigns and contact tracing. Moreover, creating platforms for dialogue in schools, churches, mosques, and workplaces can help normalise conversations around prevention.

In rural settings, where communities often live in close contact with wildlife and face limited access to healthcare, the prevention strategy must be adapted to the local context. Villagers should be sensitised about the dangers of hunting or handling wild animals.

Any unusual skin rashes or fevers should be reported promptly to the nearest health worker or village health team. Traditional leaders and elders can play a vital role in dispelling myths and encouraging evidence-based practices.

Communities should also reinforce traditional hygiene methods like regular handwashing and ensure sick individuals sleep separately to reduce exposure to family members. Safe handling and disposal of animals during slaughter is another key intervention.

Mpox is a reminder that disease prevention begins with awareness and early action. While it may not be as deadly as other viral threats, it poses a serious risk to public health and community stability if ignored. Protecting ourselves starts with informed behaviour, vigilance, and collective preparedness.

Whether you reside in a bustling city or a remote village, knowing the basics about mpox and acting on that knowledge could be the key to building a healthier and more resilient Uganda.